In fact, the chemopreventive roles of multiple phytochemicals found in crucifers have been described previously. Discrepancies in current findings are thought to be explained in part by variances in exposure to multiple bioactive constituents found in this unique classification of vegetables. Importantly, this review also focuses on current evidence from human observational and intervention trials that have contributed to a greater understanding of exposure estimates that will inform recommendations for DIM intake.Ĭruciferous vegetables have been shown to be protective against breast cancer in some, 1–8 but not all, 9–11 epidemiological studies. This review describes current evidence related to the metabolism and mechanisms of DIM involved in the prevention of breast cancer. Bioactive DIM has demonstrated chemopreventive activity in all stages of breast cancer carcinogenesis. Further, this body of evidence is largely supported by observational studies. Research of the cancer-preventive activity of DIM has yielded basic mechanistic, animal, and human trial data. This review focuses on 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), the major bioactive indole in crucifers. The role of bioactive compounds of food origin, including those found in cruciferous vegetables, is an active area of research in cancer chemoprevention. Diet is a modifiable factor associated with the risk of several cancers, with convincing evidence showing a link between diet and breast cancer.
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